Art Statelessness as a Permanent State: Challenges to the Human Security Paradigm
A Apatricidade como Estado Permanente: Desafios ao Paradigma de Segurança Humana
Palavras-chave:
statelessness, state criminality, forced migration studies, Middle Eastern states, citizenship
Resumo
Statelessness is a long-overlooked and yet pervasive phenomenon that has shaped the post-independence
history of states across the Global South. As a legal concept, it describes the absence of a recognized link
between an individual and a legal entity authorized to grant nationality and citizenship. This paper
examines the historical trajectory of the creation of “stateless peoples” to ascertain national boundaries
and the transfer of wealth and possessions from targeted ethno-religious groups to others in select postcolonial/post-imperial states. It asserts that the current statelessness paradigm has ahistorical aspects and
overlooks the long tradition of ethnic cleansing in many parts of the Global South. It also argues that the
creation of a national citizenry that befits a dominant political and economic project of governance and
post-independence sovereignty often requires the normalization of statelessness as an interim solution.
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Benhabib, S., The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents and Citizens, Oxford: Oxford
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Violence”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies 34 (1), 2005, p.1-24.
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International Affairs, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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Hill, Peter, “Macedonians in Greece and Albania: A Comparative Study of recent
Fevelopments”, Nationalities Papers, Vol. 27, No 1, 1999, p.17-30.
Kim, B. C., “Asian Wives of U.S. Servicemen: Women in Shadows”, Amerasia Journal,
Vol. 4, No 1, 1977, p.91-113.
Kneebone, S., “The Rights of Strangers: Refugees, Citizenship and Nationality”,
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[17.04.2018]
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International, p. 1-52, http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/lib.nsf/db900SID/LHON69MDDZ?OpenDocument (Accessed 17 April 2018).
Manly, M., “The Spirit of Geneva – Traditional and New Actors in the Field of
Statelessness”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 26, No 4, 2007, p. 255-61
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Protection. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. LPPR/2010/01,
http://www.unhcr.org/4bc2ddeb9.html (17 April 2018).
McCarthy, A. T. (2018) Politics of refugee education: educational administration of the
Syrian refugee crisis in Turkey”, Journal of Educational Administration and History
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p.499-505.
Refugees International Special Report, “Stolen Futures: The Stateless Children of
Burmese Asylum Seekers”, 2004, https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/stolen-futuresstateless-children-burmese-asylum-seekers (Accessed 17 April 2018).
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Literature in Academic Journals from 2000–2014”, Journal of Human Trafficking,
Vol. 4, No 2, 2017, p. 114-136.
Saenz, R., Hwang, S., and Aguirre, B. E., “In Search of Asian War Brides”, 1994,
Demography, Vol. 31, No 3, 1994, p. 549-559.
Sassen, S., “The Repositioning of Citizenship: Emergent Subjects and Spaces for
Politics”, CR: The New Centennial Review Vol. 3, No 2, 2003, p.41-66.
Sokoloff, C. and Lewis, R., “Denial of Citizenship: A Challenge to Human Security”,
2005, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/10916/doc_10947_290_en.pdf (Accessed 1
December 2019).
Staples, Kelly, Retheorising Statelessness: A Background Theory of Membership in
World Politics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012.
Ullah, A. A., “Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and
Contemporary Marginalization”, Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, Vol. 9,
No 2, 2011, p. 139-161.
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agenda for Protection.”, 2004, http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/4047
002e4.pdf (Accessed 17 April 2018); UNHCR, Progress Report on Statelessness,
2009, EC/60/SC/CRP.10.
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Persons”, 2009, http://www.unhcr.org/3bbb0abc7.html (Accessed 17 April 2018).
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2009, http://www.unhcr.org/3bbb24d54.html (Acccessed17 April 2018).
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pages/49c3646c15e.html (Accessed 17 April 2018) and UNHCR and the
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Parliamentarians., 2005,
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reduction of statelessness.” Available at http://www.unhcr.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=3ae6b39620 [(Accessed 17 .04.2018].
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Uyan-Semerci, P. and E. Erdogan, “Who Cannot Access Education? Difficulties of
Being a Student for Children from Syria in Turkey”, Vulnerable Children and Youth
Studies, 2018, Vol. 13, No 1, p.30-45.
Van Waas, L., Nationality Matters: Statelessness Under International Law, Antwerp,
Intersentia, 2008.
Van Waas, L., “Statelessness: A 21st
-Century Challenge for Europe”, Security and
Human Rights, Vol. 20, No 2, 2009, p.133-46.
Weissbrodt, D. S. and Collins, C., “The Human Rights of Stateless Persons”, Human
Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, No 1, 2006, p.245-276.
Wilson Center Special Report, “The Future of Religious Minorities in the Middle East”,
2013, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-future-religious-minorities-the-middleeast (Accessed 17 April 2018)
Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, 2001.
Adjami, M. and J. Harrington (2008) “The Scope and Content of Article 15 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 27, No 3,
2008, p.93-109.
Agamben, G., Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Stanford, CA, Stanford
University Press, 1998.
Agier, M., On the Margins of the World: The Refugee Experience Today, Cambridge,
Polity Press, 2008.
Arendt, H., The Origins of Totalitarianism, New York, Schocken Books, 2004.
Aydin, H. and Kaya, Y., “The Educational Needs of and Barriers Faced by Syrian
Refugee students in Turkey: a Qualitative Case Study”, Intercultural Education, Vol.
28, No 5, 2017, p.456-473.
Batchelor, C., “Statelessness and the Problem of Resolving Nationality status”,
International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol. 10, No 1, 1998, p.56-83.
Batchelor, C. “Transforming International Legal Principles into National Law: The
Right to a Nationality and the avoidance of Statelessness”, Refugee Survey Quarterly,
Vol. 25, No 3, 2006, p.8-25.
Batchelor, C.A., “Stateless Persons: Some Gaps in International Protection”,
International Journal of Refugee Law Vol. 7, No 2, 1995, p.232-259.
Batchelor, C.A., “Transforming International Legal Principles into National Law: The
Right to a Nationality and the Avoidance of Statelessness”, Refugee Survey Quarterly,
Vol. 25, No 3, 2006, p.8-25.
Belton, Kristy, “The Neglected Non-citizen: Statelessness and Liberal Political Theory”,
Journal of Global Ethics, Vol. 7, No 1, 2011, p.59-71.
Benhabib, S., The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents and Citizens, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2004.
Bernstein, R. J., “Hannah Arendt on the Stateless”, Parallax, Vol. 11, No 1, 2005, p.46-
60.
Bhabha, Jacqueline, “From Citizen to Migrant: The Scope of Child Statelessness in the
Twenty-first Century”, Bhabha, Jacqueline (ed), Children Without a State: A Global
Human Rights Challenge, Cambridge, MA. MIT Press, 2011.
Black, R., “Fifty Years of Refugee Studies: From Theory to Policy”, International
Migration Review, Vol. 35, No 1, 2001, p.57-78.
Blitz, B. K. and Lynch, M., Statelessness and the Benefits of Citizenship: A Comparative
Study, Geneva, Geneva Academy for International and Humanitarian Law and
International Observatory on Statelessness, 2009.
Blitz, B. K. and Lynch, M., “Statelessness and the Deprivation of Nationality”, Blitz, B.
K. and Lynch, M. (eds.), Statelessness and Citizenship: A Comparative Study on the
Benefits of Nationality, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2011.
Bosniak, L., “Citizenship Denationalized”, Indiana Journal of Global Studies, Vol. 7,
No 2, 2000, p.447.
Bosniak, L., The Citizens and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership,
Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2006.
Canefe, Nergis “Rohingya Refugee Crisis and Ethno-Religious Conflict in South Asia:
From Burma to Bangladesh and Back”, Refugee Watch, June 2018, https://www.
academia.edu/36457796/Rohingya_Refugee_Crisis_and_Ethno-Religious_Conflict_
in_South_Asia_From_Burma_to_Bangladesh_and_Back, (Accessed 1 December
2019).
Claiming Human Rights, “Claiming Human Rights”, http://www.claiming
humanrights.org/udhr_article_15.html (Accessed 17 April 2018).
Crompton, P., “Could There be No One Left in Syria by 2031?” 23 March 2017, Al
Arabiya English http://english.alarabiya.net/en/special-reports/syriancrisis/2016/03/23/Could-there-be-no-one-left-in-Syria-by-2031-.html (Accessed 1
December 2019).
Donnelly, J., International Human Rights, Fourth Edition, New York, Westview Press,
2012.
Doty, R. L., “Bare Life: Border-crossing Deaths and Spaces of Moral Alibi”,
Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 29, No 4, 2011, p.599-612.
Druss, R. G., “Foreign Marriages in the Military”, Psychiatric Quarterly, No 39, 1965,
p.220-226.
Edkins, J. and Pin-Fat, V. “Through the Wire: Relations of Power and Relations of
Violence”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies 34 (1), 2005, p.1-24.
Edwards, A. and Ferstman, C., Human Security and Non-Citizens: Law, Policy and
International Affairs, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Giddens, Anthony, Modernity and Self-Identity, Self and Society in the Late Modern
Age, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1991.
Haddad, E., The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Harvard Human Security Project, Definitions of Human Security, 2002,
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/hpcr/events/hsworkshop/list_definitions.pdf (17 April
2018).
Hill, Peter, “Macedonians in Greece and Albania: A Comparative Study of recent
Fevelopments”, Nationalities Papers, Vol. 27, No 1, 1999, p.17-30.
Kim, B. C., “Asian Wives of U.S. Servicemen: Women in Shadows”, Amerasia Journal,
Vol. 4, No 1, 1977, p.91-113.
Kneebone, S., “The Rights of Strangers: Refugees, Citizenship and Nationality”,
Australian Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 10, No 1, 2004, p.33-61.
Leclerc, P. (2007) Q&A: The world's 15 million stateless people need help. Available at
http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/news/opendoc.htm?tbl=NEWS&id=464dca3c4
[17.04.2018]
Lynch, M., “Lives on Hold: The Human Cost of Statelessness”, 2005, Refugees
International, p. 1-52, http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/lib.nsf/db900SID/LHON69MDDZ?OpenDocument (Accessed 17 April 2018).
Manly, M., “The Spirit of Geneva – Traditional and New Actors in the Field of
Statelessness”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 26, No 4, 2007, p. 255-61
Massey, H. 2010. UNHCR and de facto statelessness, 2010; Department of International
Protection. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. LPPR/2010/01,
http://www.unhcr.org/4bc2ddeb9.html (17 April 2018).
McCarthy, A. T. (2018) Politics of refugee education: educational administration of the
Syrian refugee crisis in Turkey”, Journal of Educational Administration and History
online version (February issue)
Minorities at Risk Special Report, Middle East Overview, 2012,
http://minorityrights.org/minorities/overview-of-middle-east/ (Accessed 17 April
2018).
Ong, A. “Mutations in Citizenship”, Theory, Culture & Society, Vol. 23 , No 2/3, 2006,
p.499-505.
Refugees International Special Report, “Stolen Futures: The Stateless Children of
Burmese Asylum Seekers”, 2004, https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/stolen-futuresstateless-children-burmese-asylum-seekers (Accessed 17 April 2018).
Russell, A., “Human Trafficking: A Research Synthesis on Human-Trafficking
Literature in Academic Journals from 2000–2014”, Journal of Human Trafficking,
Vol. 4, No 2, 2017, p. 114-136.
Saenz, R., Hwang, S., and Aguirre, B. E., “In Search of Asian War Brides”, 1994,
Demography, Vol. 31, No 3, 1994, p. 549-559.
Sassen, S., “The Repositioning of Citizenship: Emergent Subjects and Spaces for
Politics”, CR: The New Centennial Review Vol. 3, No 2, 2003, p.41-66.
Sokoloff, C. and Lewis, R., “Denial of Citizenship: A Challenge to Human Security”,
2005, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/10916/doc_10947_290_en.pdf (Accessed 1
December 2019).
Staples, Kelly, Retheorising Statelessness: A Background Theory of Membership in
World Politics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012.
Ullah, A. A., “Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and
Contemporary Marginalization”, Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, Vol. 9,
No 2, 2011, p. 139-161.
UN, “Convention Relating to the Statuse of Stateless Persons”, 1954,
http://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/wp-content/uploads/1954-Convention-relating-to-theStatus-of-Stateless-Persons_ENG.pdf (Accessed 17 April 2018).
UNHCR, “Final Report Concerning the Questionnaire on Statelessness Pursuant to the
agenda for Protection.”, 2004, http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/4047
002e4.pdf (Accessed 17 April 2018); UNHCR, Progress Report on Statelessness,
2009, EC/60/SC/CRP.10.
UNHCR, “States Parties to the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless
Persons”, 2009, http://www.unhcr.org/3bbb0abc7.html (Accessed 17 April 2018).
UNHCR, “States Parties to the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness”,
2009, http://www.unhcr.org/3bbb24d54.html (Acccessed17 April 2018).
UNHCR, Who is stateless and Where?, 2011, http://www.unhcr.org/
pages/49c3646c15e.html (Accessed 17 April 2018) and UNHCR and the
Interparliamentary Union, Nationality and Statelessness: A Handbook for
Parliamentarians., 2005,
http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/436774c62.pdf (Accessed 17 April
2018).
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). 1961. “Convention on the
reduction of statelessness.” Available at http://www.unhcr.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=3ae6b39620 [(Accessed 17 .04.2018].
UNHCR Special Report on statelessness, available at http://www.unhcr.org/statelesspeople.html [17.04.2018].
Uyan-Semerci, P. and E. Erdogan, “Who Cannot Access Education? Difficulties of
Being a Student for Children from Syria in Turkey”, Vulnerable Children and Youth
Studies, 2018, Vol. 13, No 1, p.30-45.
Van Waas, L., Nationality Matters: Statelessness Under International Law, Antwerp,
Intersentia, 2008.
Van Waas, L., “Statelessness: A 21st
-Century Challenge for Europe”, Security and
Human Rights, Vol. 20, No 2, 2009, p.133-46.
Weissbrodt, D. S. and Collins, C., “The Human Rights of Stateless Persons”, Human
Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, No 1, 2006, p.245-276.
Wilson Center Special Report, “The Future of Religious Minorities in the Middle East”,
2013, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-future-religious-minorities-the-middleeast (Accessed 17 April 2018)
Publicado
02-08-2021
Como Citar
CANEFE, N. Art Statelessness as a Permanent State: Challenges to the Human Security Paradigm. Aquila, v. 1, n. 25, p. 185-203, 2 ago. 2021.
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